Optimizing FPS & Latency

These tables show what performance you can expect from USB 3.2 Gen 1 (5 Gbps) connection with an OAK camera. XLink chunking was disabled for these tests (:code:pipeline.setXLinkChunkSize(0)). For an example code, see Latency measurement.

To enable 10Gbps USB3 mode (when using a USB 3.2 Gen 2 compliant cable), you has to explicitly set it in Device constructor:

Python

1with dai.Device(pipeline, maxUsbSpeed=dai.UsbSpeed.SUPER_PLUS) as device:

What	Resolution	FPS	FPS set	Latency [ms]	Bandwidth	Histogram
Color (isp)	1080P	60	60	33	1.5 Gbps	link
Color (isp)	4K	28.5	30	150	2.8 Gbps	link
Color (isp)	4K	26	26	83 (Std: 3.6)	2.6 Gbps	/
Mono	720P/800P	120	120	24.5	442/482 Mbps	link
Mono	400P	120	120	7.5	246 Mbps	link

Below are the same tests, but also with OAK PoE camera, which uses Gigabit ethernet link. The camera was connected directly to the computer, without any switches or routers in between. Power was supplied via M8 connector.

oak_bandwidth_test.py results: 797 mbps downlink, 264 mbps uplink.
oak_latency_test.py results: Average: 5.2 ms, Std: 6.2.

What	Resolution	FPS	FPS set	PoE Latency [ms]	USB Latency [ms]	Bandwidth
Color (isp)	1080P	25	25	51	33 Std: 0.8	622 Mbps
Color (isp)	4K	8	8	148	80 Std: 1.2	530 Mbps
Color (isp)	4K	8.5	10	530	80 Std: 1.3	663 Mbps
Mono	400P	90	90	12 Std: 5.0	8 Std: 0.47	184 Mbps
Mono	400P	110	110	16 Std: 9.4	8 Std: 0.45	225 Mbps

We set lower FPS for the POE measurements due to bandwidth constraints. For example, 4K 8 FPS had 150ms latency, while 4K 10FPS had 530ms latency, as link was saturated.

Latency is measured time between frame timestamp (:code:imgFrame.getTimestamp()) and host timestamp when the frame is received (:code:dai.Clock.now()).
Histogram shows how much Time-to-Host varies frame to frame. Y axis represents number of frame that occurred at that time while the X axis represents microseconds.
Bandwidth is calculated bandwidth required to stream specified frames at specified FPS.

Encoded frames

What	Resolution	FPS	FPS set	Time-to-Host [ms]	Histogram
Color video H.265	4K	28.5	30	210	link
Color video MJPEG	4K	30	30	71	link
Color video H.265	1080P	60	60	42	link
Color video MJPEG	1080P	60	60	31	link
Mono H.265	800P	60	60	23.5	link
Mono MJPEG	800P	60	60	22.5	link
Mono H.265	400P	120	120	7.5	link
Mono MJPEG	400P	120	120	7.5	link

You can also reduce frame latency by using Zero-Copy branch of the DepthAI. This will pass pointers (at XLink level) to cv2.Mat instead of doing memcopy (as it currently does), so performance improvement would depend on the image sizes you are using. (Note: API differs and not all functionality is available as is on the message_zero_copy branch)

PoE latency

On PoE, the latency can vary quite a bit due to a number of factors:

Network itself. Eg. if you are in a large network with many nodes, the latency will be higher compared to using a direct connection.
There's a bottleneck in bandwidth:
- Perhaps some network link is 10mbps/100mbps instead of full 1gbps (due to switch/network card..). You can test this with PoE Test script (speed should be 1000).
- Network/computer is saturated with other traffic. You can test the actual bandwidth with OAK bandwidth test script. With direct link I got ~800mbps downlink and ~210mbps uplink.
Computer's Network Interface Card settings, documentation here
100% OAK Leon CSS (CPU) usage. The Leon CSS core handles the POE communication (see docs here), and if the CPU is 100% used, it will not be able to handle the communication as fast as it should. Workaround: See CPU usage docs.
Another potential way to improve PoE latency would be to fine-tune network settings, like MTU, TCP window size, etc. (see here for more info)

Bandwidth

With large, unencoded frames, one can quickly saturate the bandwidth even at 30FPS, especially on PoE devices (1gbps link):

Command Line

14K NV12/YUV420 frames: 3840 * 2160 * 1.5 * 30fps * 8bits = 3 gbps
21080P NV12/YUV420 frames: 1920 * 1080 * 1.5 * 30fps * 8bits = 747 mbps
3720P NV12/YUV420 frames: 1280 * 720 * 1.5 * 30fps * 8bits = 331 mbps
4
51080P RGB frames: 1920 * 1080 * 3 * 30fps * 8bits = 1.5 gbps
6
7800P depth frames: 1280 * 800 * 2 * 30fps * 8bits = 492 mbps
8400P depth frames: 640 * 400 * 2 * 30fps * 8bits = 123 mbps
9
10800P mono frames: 1280 * 800 * 1 * 30fps * 8bits = 246 mbps
11400P mono frames: 640 * 400 * 1 * 30fps * 8bits = 62 mbps

The third value in the formula is byte/pixel, which is 1.5 for NV12/YUV420, 3 for RGB, and 2 for depth frames, and 1 for mono (grayscale) frames. It's either 1 (normal) or 2 (subpixel mode) for disparity frames.A few options to reduce bandwidth:

Encode frames (H.264, H.265, MJPEG) on-device using VideoEncoder
Reduce FPS/resolution/number of streams

Measuring operation times

If user sets depthai level to trace (see DepthAI debugging level), depthai will log operation times for each node/process, as shown below.

Command Line

1[SpatialDetectionNetwork(1)] [trace] SpatialDetectionNetwork syncing took '70.39142' ms.
2[StereoDepth(4)] [trace] Warp node took '2.2945' ms.
3[system] [trace] EV:0,S:0,IDS:27,IDD:10,TSS:2,TSN:601935518
4[system] [trace] EV:0,S:1,IDS:27,IDD:10,TSS:2,TSN:602001382
5[StereoDepth(4)] [trace] Stereo took '12.27392' ms.
6[StereoDepth(4)] [trace] 'Median+Disparity to depth' pipeline took '0.86295' ms.
7[StereoDepth(4)] [trace] Stereo post processing (total) took '0.931422' ms.
8[SpatialDetectionNetwork(1)] [trace] NeuralNetwork inference took '62.274784' ms.
9[StereoDepth(4)] [trace] Stereo rectification took '2.686294' ms.
10[MonoCamera(3)] [trace] Mono ISP took '1.726888' ms.
11[system] [trace] EV:0,S:0,IDS:20,IDD:25,TSS:2,TSN:616446812
12[system] [trace] EV:0,S:1,IDS:20,IDD:25,TSS:2,TSN:616489715
13[SpatialDetectionNetwork(1)] [trace] DetectionParser took '3.464118' ms.

Reducing latency when running NN

In the examples above we were only streaming frames, without doing anything else on the OAK camera. This section will focus on how to reduce latency when also running NN model on the OAK.

Increasing NN resources

One option to reduce latency is to increase the NN resources. This can be done by changing the number of allocated NCEs and SHAVES (see HW accelerator docs here). Compile Tool can compile a model for more SHAVE cores. To allocate more NCEs, you can use API below:

Python

1import depthai as dai
2
3pipeline = dai.Pipeline()
4# nn = pipeline.createNeuralNetwork()
5# nn = pipeline.create(dai.node.MobileNetDetectionNetwork)
6nn = pipeline.create(dai.node.YoloDetectionNetwork)
7nn.setNumInferenceThreads(1) # By default 2 threads are used
8nn.setNumNCEPerInferenceThread(2) # By default, 1 NCE is used per thread

Models usually run at max FPS when using 2 threads (1 NCE/Thread), and compiling model for AVAILABLE_SHAVES / 2.Example of FPS & latency comparison for YoloV7-tiny:

NN resources	Camera FPS	Latency	NN FPS
6 SHAVEs, 2x Threads (1NCE/Thread)	15	155 ms	15
6 SHAVEs, 2x Threads (1NCE/Thread)	14	149 ms	14
6 SHAVEs, 2x Threads (1NCE/Thread)	13	146 ms	13
6 SHAVEs, 2x Threads (1NCE/Thread)	10	141 ms	10
13 SHAVEs, 1x Thread (2NCE/Thread)	30	145 ms	11.6
13 SHAVEs, 1x Thread (2NCE/Thread)	12	128 ms	12
13 SHAVEs, 1x Thread (2NCE/Thread)	10	118 ms	10

Lowering camera FPS to match NN FPS

Lowering FPS to not exceed NN capabilities typically provides the best latency performance, since the NN is able to start the inference as soon as a new frame is available.For example, with 15 FPS we get a total of about 70 ms latency, measured from capture time (end of exposure and MIPI readout start).This time includes the following:

MIPI readout
ISP processing
Preview post-processing
NN processing
Streaming to host
And finally, eventual extra latency until it reaches the app

Note: if the FPS is increased slightly more, towards 19..21 FPS, an extra latency of about 10ms appears, that we believe is related to firmware. We are actively looking for improvements for lower latencies.

NN input queue size and blocking behavior

If the app has detNetwork.input.setBlocking(False), but the queue size doesn't change, the following adjustment may help improve latency performance:By adding detNetwork.input.setQueueSize(1), while setting back the camera FPS to 40, we get about 80.. 105ms latency. One of the causes of being non-deterministic is that the camera is producing at a different rate (25ms frame-time), vs. when NN has finished and can accept a new frame to process.

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